The following list includes selected references on other German dialects in the United States.
German Dialects in the United States
Bender, Jan E. (1980). Consonantal Aberrations in Low German Dialects of the American Midwest. Selecta: Journal of the Pacific Northwest Council on Foreign Languages, 1, 130-33.
Bynon, Theodora (1973). The German Language in America: A symposium. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39(4), 263-267.
Clausing, Stephen. (1986). English Influence on American German and American Icelandic. New York: Peter Lang.
Eichhoff, Jürgen. (1985). The German Language in America. In F. Trommler & J. McVeigh (Eds.), America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History (pp. 223-240). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Frazer, Timothy C. (1979). The Speech Island of the American Bottoms: A Problem in Social History. American Speech, 54(3), 185-193.
Gilbert, Glenn G. (1980). French and German. In C. A. Ferguson, et al. (Eds.), Language in the USA (pp. 257-272). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goss, Emily L. and Joseph C. Salmons. (2002). The Evolution of a Bilingual Discourse Marking System: Modal Particles and English Markers in German-American Dialects. International Journal of Bilingualism, 4(4), 469-484.
Kamphoefner, Walter D. (1994). German-American Bilingualism: cui male? Mother Tongue and Socioeconomic Status among the Second Generation in 1940. International Migration Review, 28(4), 846-864.
Keel, William D. (1994). Reduction and Loss of Case Marking in the Noun Phrase in German-American Speech Islands: Internal Development or External Interference? In N. Berend & K. Mattheier (Eds.), Sprachinselforschung: Eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig (pp. 93-104). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Kelz, Heinrich P. (1985). Three Hundred Years of German in America. Germanistische Mitteilungen, 21, 81-99.
Kurthen, Hermann. (1997). The Survival of the German Language in North Carolina and the United States: A Comparison. Germanistische Mittleilungen, 45/46, 101-126.
Lehman-Irl, Deborah. (1992). Some Aspects of Language Interference in the English of German-American Children. In C. Blank (Ed.), Language and Civilization: A Concerted Profusion of Essays and Studies in Honor of Otto Hietsch, I & II. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Rein, Kurt. (1994). Die Geschichte russlandeutscher Täufergruppen in Amerika und ihre Bedeutung für die Sprachinsel- und Sprachkontaktforschung. In N. Berend & K. Mattheier (Eds.), Sprachinselforschung: Eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig (pp.93-103). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Salmons, Joe. (1988). The Question of a German-American Vocabulary. In E.H. Antonsen & H. H. Hock (Eds.), Germanic Linguistics, II (pp. 102-111). Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Salmons, Joe. (1990). Bilingual Discourse Marking: Code Switching, Borrowing, and Convergence in Some German-American Dialects. Linguistics, 28(3), 453-480.
Schach, Paul et al. (date unknown). Some Approaches to the Study of German Dialects in America. In La Vern J. Rippley & Steven M. Benjamin (Eds.), Papers from the St. Olaf Symposium on German-Americana (pp. 96-112). Morgantown: Dept. of Foreign Languages, Virginia University.
Schach, Paul. (1982). Some Notes on Linguistic Interference in American-German Dialects. Schatzkammer, 8(1/2), 1-22.
Schiffman, Harold. (1987). Losing the Battle for Balanced Bilingualism: The German-American Case. Language Problems and Language Planning, 11(1), 66-81.
Sollors, Werner. (2000). How German Is It? Multilingual America Reconsidered. American Studies in Scandinavia, 32(1), 96-106.
Strauch, Gabriele L. (1981). German American Dialects: State of Research in the Mid West: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 48(3), 313-328.
Van Ness, Silke. (1995). Review Article: The Current Status of Research on German Dialects in North America. American Speech, 70(4), 401-414.
Veith, Werner H. (1972). The German Language in America. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 39(3), 339-341.
Viereck, W. (1969). German dialects spoken in the United States and Canada and problems of German-English language contact, especially in North America. Orbis, 16, 549-568.
Pennsylvania German
Adams, Michael. (2000). Lexical Doppelgangers. Journal of English Linguistics, 28(3), 295-310.
Adams, Michael P. (1993). Adverbial Awhile ‘Immediately’ in Berks County, Pennsylvania. American Speech, 68(3), 334-335.
Adams, Michael P. and Newton A. Perrin. (1995). Unless ‘In Case’ in Berks County, Pennsylvania. American Speech, 70(4), 441-442.
Bausch, Karl-Heinz. (1997). ‘In other words-was gschwind in English ded’s mena?’ Beobachtungen zum Pennsylvaniadeutsch heute. Sprachreport, 4, 1-6.
Benjamin, Steven M. (date unknown). A Select Bibliography on the Pennsylvania German Dialect. Morgantown: Dept. of Foreign Languages, West Virginia University.
Benjamin, Steven M. (1982). The Segmental Vocalic Phonemes of the Pennsylvania German Dialect as Spoken in Northumberland and Schuylkill Counties, Pennsylvania. Dissertation Abstracts International, 43(1), 156A.
Born, Renate. (1992). Changes in an Obsolescing Language: Pennsylvania German in West Virginia. (Review of: Van Ness, Silke.) Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 7(1), 177-182.
Bowie, David. (1997). Voah mei daett sei deitsh: Developments in the Vowel System of Pennsylvania German. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 4(2), 35-49.
Buehler, Allan M. (1977). The Pennsylvania German Dialect and the Life of an Old Order Mennonite. Cambridge, ON: privately printed.
Buffington, Albert F. (1968). The Influence of the Pennsylvania German Dialect on the English Spoken in the Pennsylvania German Area. In S. Z. Buehne, J. L. Hodge, & L. B. Pinto (Eds.) Helen Adolf Festschrift (pp. 30-41). New York: Ungar.
Buffington, Albert F. and Preston A. Barba. (1965). A Pennsylvania German Grammar. Allentown, PA: Schlechter.
Burridge, Kate. (1992). Creating Grammar: Examples from Pennsylvania German, Ontario. In K. Burridge & W. Enninger (Eds.), Diachronic Studies on the Languages of the Anabaptists (pp. 199-241). Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Burridge, Kate. (1995). Evidence of Grammaticalization in Pennsylvania German. In H. Andersen (Ed.), Historical Linguistics 1993: Selected Papers from the 11th Annual Conference on Historical Linguistics, Los Angeles, 16-20 August 1993 (pp. 59-75). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Burridge, Kate. (1997). On the Trail of the Conestoga Modal: Recent Movements of Modal Auxiliaries in Pennsylvania German. In J. R. Dow & M. Wolff (Eds.), Languages and Lives: Essays in Honor of Werner Enninger (pp. 7-28). New York: Peter Lang.
Burridge, Kate. (1998a). From Modal Auxiliary to Lexical Verb: The Curious Case of Pennsylvania German Wotte. In R. M. Hogg & L. van Bergen (Eds.), Historical Linguistics 1995, II: Germanic Linguistics (pp. 19-33). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Burridge, Kate. (1998b). Throw the Baby From the Window a Cookie: English and Pennsylvania German in Contact. In A. Siewierska & J. J. Song (Eds.), Case, Typology and Grammar: In Honor of Barry J. Blake (pp. 71-93). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Burridge, Kate and Werner Enninger. (Eds., 1992). Diachronic Studies on the Languages of the Anabaptists. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Coley, Robert E., Marjorie Markoff and Scott Miller. (date unknown). A Select Bibliography of Pennsylvania German Dialect Materials in the Ganser Library, Millersville State College. In S. M. Benjamin, (Ed.), Papers from the Conference on German-Americana in the Eastern United States (pp. 78-81). Morgantown: Dept. of Foreign Languages, West Virginia University.
Costello, John R. (date unknown). Pennsylvania German, Standard German, and the Reconstruction of Meaning. In S. M. Benjamin (Ed.), Papers from the Conference on German-Americana in the Eastern United States (pp. 131-142). Morgantown: Dept. of Foreign Languages, West Virginia University.
Costello, John R. (1974a). A Glottochronological Study of Pennsylvania German. Historic Schaefferstown Record (Schaefferstown, PA), 8, 2-13.
Costello, John R. (1974b). Choosing an Orthography for a Patois Language, or: How Should One Spell Pennsylvania German? Historic Schaefferstown Record (Schaefferstown, PA), 8, 42-48.
Costello, John R. (1978). Syntactic Change and Second Language Acquisition: The Case for Pennsylvania German. Linguistics, 16(213), 29-50.
Costello, John R. (1979-80). A Lexical Comparison of Two Sister Languages: Pennsylvania German and Yiddish. Pennsylvania Folklife, 29, 138-42.
Costello, John R. (1983). Pennsylvania German Brauche ‘to Charm’ and Hebrew Berakhah ‘Benediction’: A New Etymology. Pennsylvania Folklife, 32(3), 123-127.
Costello, John R. (1989). Innovations Increasing Syntactic Complexity in the Native Language of Bilingual Children from 5 to 10: The Case for Pennsylvania German. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, supp. 64, 3-18.
Costello, John R. (1992). The Periphrastic Duh Construction in Anabaptist and Nonsectarian Pennsylvania German: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives. In K. Burridge & W. Enninger (Eds.), Diachronic Studies on the Languages of the Anabaptists (pp. 242-263). Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Costello, John R. (1997). Remarks on Linguistic Convergence, Lexical Syncretism, and Cognition: The Merger of Bitte and Fraage in the Pennsylvania German of Anabaptists in Lancaster County. In J. R. Dow & M. Wolff (Eds.), Languages and Lives: Essays in Honor of Werner Enninger (pp. 29-38). New York: Peter Lang.
Dorian, Nancy. (1989). The Nature and Scope of Changes in the Pennsylvania German of Two Multi-Generational Kin Networks: The Noun Phrase. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, supp. 64, 41-70.
Dorian, Nancy C. (1997). Males and Merger: Dative Third-Person Pronouns among Secular Berks County Pennsylvania German Speakers In J. R. Dow & M. Wolff (Eds.), Languages and Lives: Essays in Honor of Werner Enninger (pp. 39-52). New York: Peter Lang.
Dow, James R. (1988). Toward an Understanding of Some Subtle Stresses on Language Maintenance among the Old Order Amish of Iowa. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 69, 19-31.
Enninger, Werner. (1985). Pennsylvania German: A Pidgin(ized) Variety? In N. Boretzky, W. Enninger & T. Stolz (Eds.), Akten des 2. Essener Kolloquiums uber ‘Kreolsprachen und Sprachkontakte’ vom 29. und 30. 11. 1985 an der Universität Essen (pp. 41-82). Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Enninger, Werner. (1987a). Notes on the Receding Contact-Influences of (Pennsylvania-) German on English. In N. Boretzky, W. Enninger & T. Stolz (Eds.), Beiträge zum 3. Essener Kolloquium über Sprachwandel und seine bestimmenden Faktoren vom 30. 9-2. 10. 1987 an der Universität Essen (pp. 99-125). Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Enninger, Werner. (1987b). On the Organization of Sign-Processes in an Old Order Amish (OOA) Parochial School. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 21, 143-170.
Enninger, Werner. (1988). On the Maintenance of German-based Varieties among the Old Order Amish. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 69, 33-57.
Enninger, Werner, Joachim Raith, and Karl-Heinz Wandt. (Eds., 1989). Studies on the Languages and the Verbal Behavior of the Pennsylvania Germans, II. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, supp. 64.
Enninger, Werner and Karl Heinz Wandt. (1979). Social Roles and Language Choice in an Old Order Amish Community. Sociologia Internationalis, 17(1/2), 47-70.
Ferre, Christa B. Meister (1991). Stability and Change in the Pennsylvania German Dialect of an Old Order Amish Community in Lancaster County. Dissertation Abstracts International, 52(6), 2125A-26A.
Fretz, J. Winfield. (1992). The Pennsylvania German Dialect in Southern Ontario, Canada. In K. Burridge & W. Enninger (Eds.), Diachronic Studies on the Languages of the Anabaptists. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Fuller, Janet M. (1996). When Cultural Maintenance Means Linguistic Convergence: Pennsylvania German Evidence for the Matrix Language Turnover Hypothesis. Language in Society, 25(4), 493-514.
Fuller, Janet M. (1997). ‘Pennsylvania Dutch with a Southern Touch’: A Theoretical Model of Language Contact and Change. Dissertation Abstracts International, A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 58(6), 2182.
Fuller, Janet M. (1999) The Role of English in Pennsylvania German Development: Best Supporting Actress? American Speech, 74(1), 38-55.
Fuller, Janet M. (2000a). Language Choice and Speaker Identity: The Influence of a Researcher’s Linguistic Proficiency in Interviews. Southern Journal of Linguistics, 24(1), 91-102.
Fuller, Janet M. (2000b). Morpheme Types in a Matrix Language Turnover: The Introduction of System Morphemes from English into Pennsylvania German. International Journal of Bilingualism, 4(1), 45-58.
Fuller, Janet M. (2001). The Principle of Pragmatic Detachability in Borrowing: English-Origin Discourse Markers in Pennsylvania German. Linguistics, 39(2), 351-369.
Hosch, Heinz L. (date unknown). Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German? A Historical Assessment. In S. M. Benjamin (Ed.), Papers from the Conference on German-Americana in the Eastern United States (pp. 117-123). Morgantown: Dept. of Foreign Languages, West Virginia University.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1980a). English in Contact with Pennsylvania German. The German Quarterly, 53(3), 352-366.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1980b). Pennsylvania German: Maintenance and Shift. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 25, 43-57.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1986a). Strategies of Language Maintenance and Ethnic Marking among the Pennsylvania Germans. Language Sciences, 8(1), 1-16.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1986b). The Function of Aspect in Pennsylvania German and the Impact of English. Yearbook of German-American Studies, 21, 137-54.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1986c). Verbal Aspect in Pennsylvania German: The Progressive among Sectarians and Nonsectarians. In W. Enninger, J. Raith & K.-H. Wandt (Eds.), Internal and External Perspectives on Amish and Mennonite Life, II (pp. 1-17). Essen: Unipress.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1988a). Building Progressives: Evidence from Cognate Structures. Journal of English Linguistics, 21(2), 137-148.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1988b). Case Merger and Case Loss in Pennsylvania German. In F. G. Gentry (Ed.), Semper Idem et Novus (pp. 391-402). Goppingen: Kummerle.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1988c). Lexical Borrowing and Linguistic Convergence in Pennsylvania German. Yearbook of German-American Studies, 23, 59-71.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1989a). Case Usage among the Pennsylvania German Sectarians and Nonsectarians. In N. C. Dorian (Ed.), Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death (pp. 211-226). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1989b). Convergence and Language Death: The Case of Pennsylvania German. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, supp. 64, 17-28.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1990a). Contact Phenomena in Language Maintenance and Shift: The Pennsylvania German Infinitive Construction. American Journal of Germanic Linguistics & Literatures, 2(2), 95-108.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1990b). Pennsylvania German in Public Life. Pennsylvania Folklife, 39(3), 117-125.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1991a). Acquisition Strategies in Language Death. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13(1), 43-55.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1991b). Pennsylvania German: Convergence and Change as Strategies of Discourse. In H. W. Seliger & R. M. Vago (Eds.), First Language Attrition (pp. 125-137). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1991c). Pennsylvania German: ‘Do They Love It in Their Hearts?’ In J. R. Dow (Ed.) Language and Ethnicity: Focusschrift in Honor of Joshua A. Fishman on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, II (pp. 9-22). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1991d). Translation: A Vehicle for Change? Evidence from Pennsylvania German. American Journal of Germanic Linguistics & Literatures, 3(2), 175-93.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1992a). Case Usage among the Pennsylvania German Sectarians and Nonsectarians. In N. C. Dorian (Ed.), Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death (pp. 211-226). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1992b). Changes in an Obsolescing Language: Pennsylvania German in West Virginia. (Review of: Van Ness, Silke) Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 14(2), 241.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1992c). Language Change and Enabling Strategies of Pennsylvania Anabaptists. In K. Burridge & W. Enninger (Eds.), Diachronic Studies on the Languages of the Anabaptists (pp. 166-181). Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1994a). Amish Languages. In J. R. Dow, W. Enninger & J. Raith (Eds.), Old and New World Anabaptists; Studies on the Language, Culture, Society and Health of the Amish and Mennonites (pp. 21-32). Essen: Dept. of English, University Essen.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1994b). Directionality of Language Influence: The Case of Pennsylvania German and English. In N. Berend & K. J. Mattheier (Eds.), Sprachinselforschung: Eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig (pp. 47-58). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Huffines, Marion Lois. (1997). Language Contact and the Amish. In J. R. Dow & M. Wolff (Eds.), Languages and Lives: Essays in Honor of Werner Enninger (pp. 53-66). New York: Peter Lang.
Johnson-Weiner, Karen M. (1989). Keeping Dutch: Linguistic Heterogeneity and the Maintenance of Pennsylvania German in Two Old Order Amish Communities. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, supp. 64, 95-101.
Johnson-Weiner, Karen M. (1992). Group Identity and Language Maintenance: The Survival of Pennsylvania German in Old Order Communities. In K. Burridge & W. Enninger (Eds.), Diachronic Studies on the Languages of the Anabaptists. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Keel, William. (1991). Lexicological Studies on Pennsylvania German: Pennsylvania German Word Formation; Language Contact Manifestations in the Pennsylvania German Vocabulary. (Review of Seel, Helga.) Monatshefte, 83(1), 66-69.
Keel, William D. (1994). Reduction and Loss of Case Marking in the Noun Phrase in German-American Speech Islands: Internal Development or External Interference? In N. Berend & K. J. Mattheier (Eds.). Sprachinselforschung: Eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig (pp. 93-104). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Keiser, Steve H. (1999). A Plain Difference: Variation in Case-Marking in a Pennsylvania German Speaking Community. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics, 52, 249-288.
Keiser, Steve H. (2000). Sound Change across Speech Islands: The Diphthong /aI/ in Two Widwestern Pennsylvania German Communities. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics, 54, 143-170.
Keiser, Steven Hartman. (2002). Language Change across Speech Islands: The Emergence of a Midwestern Dialect of Pennsylvania German. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(11), 3760.
Kloss, Heinz. (1989). Sociolinguistic Parallels between the Mennonite Speakers of Pennsylvania German (or Pennsylfaanisch) and of Plautdietsch. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, supp. 64, 117-124.
Kopp, Achim. (1996). Stability and Change in the Pennsylvania German Dialect of an Old Order Amish Community in Lancaster County. (Review of: Meister Ferre, Barbara.) Monatshefte, 88(3), 391-393.
Kopp, Achim. (1997). Die Phonologie des Englischen der Pennsylvaniadeutschen als Indikator für Spracherhalt und Sprachverlagerung. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 64(1), 1-36.
Lambert, Marcus B. (1977). Pennsylvania-German Dictionary. Exton, PA: Schiffer.
Levieuge, Evelyne. (1989). Lexicological Studies of Pennsylvania German: Word Formation in Pennsylvania German. Language Contact Phenomena in the Pennsylvania German Vocabulary. (Review of: Seel, Helga.) Etudes Germaniques, 44(4), 448-449.
Louden, Mark L. (1987). Bilingualism and Diglossia. The Case of Pennsylvania German. Leuvense Bijdragen, 76(1), 17-36.
Louden, Mark L. (1989a). Bilingualism and Syntactic Change in Pennsylvania German. Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 49(10), 3014-A-3015-A.
Louden, Mark L. (1989b). Syntactic Variation and Change in Pennsylvania German. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, supp. 64, 29-40.
Louden, Mark L. (1990). Verb Raising and the Position of the Finite Verb in Pennsylvania German. Linguistic Inquiry, 21(3), 470-477.
Louden, Mark L. (1992a). Language Contact and the Relationship of Form and Meaning in English and German. In R. Lippi-Green (Ed.), Recent Developments in Germanic Linguistics (pp. 115-125). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Louden, Mark L. (1992b). Old Order Amish Verbal Behavior as a Reflection of Cultural Convergence. In K. Burridge & W. Enninger (Eds.), Diachronic Studies on the Languages of the Anabaptists (pp. 264-278). Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Louden, Mark L. (1993). Variation in Pennsylvania German Syntax: A Diachronic Perspective. In W. Viereck (Ed.), Historische Dialektologie und Sprachwandel/Historical Dialectology and Linguistic Change/Dialectologie historique et variation linguistique (pp. 169-179). Stuttgart: Steiner.
Louden, Mark L. (1994). Syntactic Change in Multilingual Speech Islands. In N. Berend & K. J. Mattheier (Eds.), Sprachinselforschung: Eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig (pp. 73-91). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Louden, Mark L. (1997). Linguistic Structure and Sociolinguistic Identity in Pennsylvania German Society. In J. R. Dow & M. Wolff (Eds.), Languages and Lives: Essays in Honor of Werner Enninger (pp. 79-91). New York: Peter Lang.
Mileeva, M. N. (1987). On the Problem of the Pennsylvania-German Dialect in the USA. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Istoriya-yazyk-literatura, 24(1), 104-106.
Moelleken, Wolfgang W. (1983). Language Maintenance and Language Shift in Pennsylvania German: A Comparative Investigation. Monatshefte, 75(2), 172-186.
Moelleken, Wolfgang W. (1988). A New Linguistic Atlas of Pennsylvania German. Monatshefte, 80(1), 105-114.
Moelleken, Wolfgang W. (1989). Ein neuer Sprachatlas des Pennsylvania-Deutschen (W. H. Veith, Trans.). In W. H. Veith & W. Putschke (Eds.), Sprachatlanten des Deutschen: Laufende Projekte (pp. 399-413). Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Moelleken, Wolfgang W. (1992). Pennsylvania German in Central and South America. Germanistische Mitteilungen, 36, 97-99.
Post, Rudolf. (1989). The Lexicography of Palatinate German: Its Relevance for Pennsylvania German Research. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, supp. 64, 71-79.
Raith, Joachim. (1981). Phonologische Interferenzen im amerikanischen Englisch der anabaptistischen Gruppen deutscher Herkunft in Lancaster County (Pennsylvania). Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 48(1), 35-52.
Raith, Joachim. (1992). Dialect Mixing and/or Code Convergence: Pennsylvania German? In K. Burridge & W. Enninger (Eds.), Diachronic Studies on the Languages of the Anabaptists. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Raith, Joachim. (1994). Is Pennsylvania German Still a Palatinate-Based Dialect of German? In J. R. Dow, W. Enninger, & J. Raith (Eds.), Old and New World Anabaptists; Studies on the Language, Culture, Society and Health of the Amish and Mennonites (pp. 33-49). Essen: Dept. of English, University Essen.
Raith, Joachim, Carol Molony, Helmut Zohl and Wilfried Stolting. (date unknown). Pennsylvania German-American English Bilingualism: A Case Study. In C. Molony, H. Zohl and W. Stolting (Eds.), Deutsch im Kontakt mit anderen Sprachen (pp. 104-128). Kronberg: Scriptor Verlag.
Reed, Carroll E. (1949). The Pennsylvania German Dialect Spoken in the Counties of Lehigh and Berks: Phonology and Morphology. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Reed, Carroll E. (1967). Loan-Word Stratification in Pennsylvania German. German Quarterly, 40, 83-86.
Reed, Carroll E. (1972). A Phonological History of Pennsylvania German. In E. S. Firchow, K. Grimstad, N. Hasselmo & W. A. O’Neil (Eds.), Studies for Einar Haugen Presented by Friends and Colleagues (pp. 469-481). The Hague: Mouton.
Reed, Carroll E. (1979). The Syntax of Pennsylvania German. Orbis: Bulletin International de Documentation Linguistique, 28(2), 242-256.
Reed, Carroll and Lester Seifert. (1954). A Linguistic Atlas of Pennsylvania German. Marburg/Lahn: W. J. Becker.
Seel, Helga. (1988). Lexikologische Studien zum Pennsylvaniadeutschen. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.
Richter, Manfred M. (1971). The Phonemic System of the Pennsylvania German Dialect in Waterloo County, Ontario. Dissertation Abstracts International, 32, 415A.
Seel, Helga. (1989). Zur Wortbildung des Pennsylvaniadeutschen. Germanistische Mitteilungen, 29, 75-87.
Seifert, Lester W. J. (1971). The Word Geography of Pennsylvania German: Extent and Causes. In G. G. Gilbert (Ed.), The German Language in America: A Symposium (pp. 14-42). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Seifert, Lester W. (1967). A Contrastive Description of Pennsylvania German and Standard German Stops and Fricatives. In I. Rauch, and & T. Charles (Eds.), Approaches in Linguistic Methodology (pp. 81-88). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Seifert, Lester W. J. (1993). Changes in an Obsolescing Language: Pennsylvania German in West Virginia. (Review of: Van Ness, Silke.) Monatshefte, 85(4), 487-490.
Shields, Kenneth. (1987). Germanisms in the English of Eastern Pennsylvania. Journal of English Linguistics, 20(2), 163-180.
Van Ness, Silke. (1989). Pennsylvania German in West Virginia: Language Variation and Language Attrition. Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 49(12), 3710-A.
Van Ness, Silke. (1990). Changes in an obsolescing language: Pennsylvania German in West Virginia. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
Van Ness, Silke. (1992a). The New Order Amish in Ohio: A Grammatical Change in Progress. In K. Burridge & W. Enninger (Eds.), Diachronic Studies on the Languages of the Anabaptists (pp. 182-198). Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Van Ness, Silke. (1992b). The Pressure of English on the Pennsylvania German Spoken in Two West Virginia Communities. American Speech, 67(1), 71-82.
Van Ness, Silke. (1993). Advances toward a New Pronominal Grammar in an Ohio Amish Community. Word, 44(2), 193-204.
Van Ness, Silke. (1994a). Die Dimensionen lexikalischer Entlehnungen im Pennsylvaniendeutschen von Ohio (USA). Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 61(3), 279-97.
Van Ness, Silke (1994b). Whose Habit Is It? American Speech, 69(1), 102-106.
Van Ness, Silke. (1995). Ohio Amish Women in the Vanguard of a Language Change: Pennsylvania German in Ohio. American Speech, 70(1), 59-80.
Van Ness, Silke. (1996). Case Syncretism in Pennsylvania German: Internal or External Forces at Play? American Journal of Germanic Linguistics & Literatures, 8(1), 1-17.
Van Ness, Silke. (1999). Signifying Female Identity through Grammatical Innovation: A Socio-Cultural Interpretation. Word, 50(2), 177-189.
Van Ness, Silke. (2000). Playing Musical Chairs in Pronominal Gender Reassignment? American Speech, 75(3), 295-296.
Waldenrath, Alexander. (1978). The Emergence of Pennsylvania-German in the 18th Century: A Mixture of English and German? Journal of German-American Studies, 13, 1-15.
Watt, Jonathan M. (1989). L1 Interference in Written L2: A Comparison between the Pennsylvania German and Koine Greek Situations. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik supp. 64, 103-115.
Williamson, Robert C. (1982-83). The Survival of Pennsylvania German: A Survey of Berks and Lehigh Counties. Pennsylvania Folklife, 32(2), 64-71.
Williamson, Robert C. (1991). Minority Languages and Bilingualism: Case Studies in Maintenance and Shift. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
Wisconsin German
Ferre, Christa B. Meister. (1991). Stability and Change in the Pennsylvania German Dialect of an Old Amish Community in Lancaster County. Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 52(6), 2125-A-2126-A.
Schwartzkopff, Christa. (1987). German Americans: Die sprachliche Assimilation der Deutschen in Wisconsin. Deutsch als Muttersprache in den Vereinigten Staaten. Teil III. (Vol. 4 of Deutsche Sprache in Europa und Übersee). Stuttgart: Steiner.
Other German Dialects
Buchheit, Robert H. (1982). The Decline of German Settlement Dialects of the Great Plains between the Two World Wars: Some Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Factors. Schatzkammer, 8(1/2), 48-71.
Dow, James R. (1988). Toward an Understanding of Some Subtle Stresses on Language Maintenance among the Old Order Amish of Iowa. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 69, 19-31.
Kurthen, Hermann. (1997). The Survival of the German Language in North Carolina and the United States: A Comparison. Germanistische Mittleilungen, 45/46, 101-126.
Enninger, Werner. (1987). On the Organization of Sign-Processes in an Old Order Amish (OOA) Parochial School. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 21, 143-170.
Enninger, Werner. (1988). On the Maintenance of German-based Varieties among the Old Order Amish. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 69, 33-57.
Enninger, Werner and Karl Heinz Wandt. (1979). Social Roles and Language Choice in an Old Order Amish Community. Sociologia Internationalis, 17(1/2), 47-70.
Kipp, Sandra. (1980). German Language Maintenance and Language Shift in Some Rural Settlements. ITL, Review of Applied Linguistics, 49/50, 49-66.
Lance, Donald M. (1986). Settlement Patterns, Missouri Germans, and Local Dialects. In H. W. Marshall & J. W. Goodrich (Eds.), The German-American Experience in Missouri: Essays in Commemoration of the Tricentennial of German Immigration to America, 1683-1983 (pp. 106-133). Columbia: Missouri Cultural Heritage Center, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Lance, Donald M. (1993). Some Dialect Features in the Speech of Missouri Germans. In T. C. Frazer (Ed.), Heartland” English: Variation and Transition in the American Midwest (pp. 187-197). Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
Moelleken, Wolfgang W. (1986). Language Behavior Factors in the Mexican Settlements of the Russian German Mennonites. Germanistische Mitteilungen, 24, 61-81.
Moelleken, Wolfgang W. (1994). The Demise of Mennonite Low German in Reedley, California. In N. Berend & K. J. Mattheier (Eds.), Sprachinselforschung: Eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig (pp. 303-317). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Rettig, Lawrence L. (1969). Amana German Anew. American Speech, 44(1), 55-66.
Salmons, Joe. (1988). On the Social Function of Some Southern Indiana German-American Dialect Stories. Humor, 1(2), 159-175.
Strauch, Gabriele L. (1981). German American Dialects: State of Research in the Mid West: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 48(3), 313-328.
Thompson, Chad. (1994). The Languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence. Anthropological Linguistics, 36(1), 69-91.
German Dialectology
Barbour, Stephen, and Patrick Stevenson (1990). Variation in German. A critical approach to German sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McDavid, Raven I., Jr. (1973). New Directions in American Dialectology. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 5(1/2), 9-25.
Schach, Paul et al. (date unknown). Some Approaches to the Study of German Dialects in America. In La Vern J. Rippley & Steven M. Benjamin (Eds.), Papers from the St. Olaf Symposium on German-Americana (pp. 96-112). Morgantown: Dept. of Foreign Languages, Virginia University.
Van Ness, Silke. (1995). Review Article: The Current Status of Research on German Dialects in North America. American Speech, 70(4), 401-414.
Germans in America
The German Americans: An Ethnic Experience
Online book: https://www.penfieldbooks.com/the-german-americans-an-ethnic-experience/
Text available here: https://web.archive.org/web/20160916020738/http://maxkade.iupui.edu/adams/toc.html
Monatshefte / Max Kade Institute Directory of German Studies
Order the book online. Online version not available. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811085315/http://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/2192.htm
Kade-Duesenberg German House and Cultural Center, Valparaiso University
Max Kade German-American Center at the Deutsche Haus-Athenaeum, Indianapolis
Max Kade/SGAS Home Page (IUPUI)
German Society of Pennsylvania
German-Americana Collection
University of Cincinnati
German Achievements in America
German-American History & Heritage
German-Bohemian Heritage Society
Johannes Schwalm Historical Association, Inc.
The 32nd Indiana Infantry: the 1st German
Herald of Heritage
http://enquirer.com/editions/2000/06/18/loc_herald_of_heritage.html
MainStrasse Village
German Society of Pennsylvania
Schwenkfelder Library and Heritage Center
Endangered Language Links
Ethnologue
c/o Barbara Grimes, Summer Institute of Linguistics Inc, International (SIL)
Linguistics Center, 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road, Dallas, TX 75236, USA
Includes many resources to help research endangered languages and access to a publications library
LinguaLinks
Resource found on ethnologue.com find endangered languages that exist in a geographic area, and determine the decline, stability, or expansion of the language: https://web.archive.org/web/20120803162354/http://www.ethnologue.com/LL_docs/sociolx_bkshlf.asp
SIL Electronic Working Papers (SILEWP)
Serial publication of SIL International. Resource for papers on languages and culture, especially lesser known and endangered languages
CDEL: Center for the Documentation of Endangered Languages
Founded by the American Indian Studies Research Institute to establish an archive to document and preserve records of Native American languages, including digital recordings and linguistic documentation and analysis.
The Endangered Language Fund, Inc (ELF)
c/o Doug Whalen, Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA supports the study of endangered languages and promotes the maintenance of those languages in the native community provides a resource list of endangered languages included in the ELF programs and instruction in those languages whalen@haskins.yale.edu
E-MELD: Electronic Metastructure for Endangered Languages Data
Resource for preservation of data and the development of infrastructure for electronic archive collaboration. Includes Language Search, Metadata Search Engine, Unicode Input Facility.
https://web.archive.org/web/20201203160609/http://emeld.org/index.cfm
DOBES: Dokumentation Bedrohter Sprachen
Documentation of Endangered Languages
Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project
The Rosetta Project
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA)
Archivo de los Idiomas Indígenas de Latinoamérica
The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA)
International scholarly organization representing American Indian linguistics, the scientific study of the languages of the native peoples of North, Central and South America.
Gesellschaft für bedrohte Sprachen e.V.
Association for Endangered Languages
The Foundation for Endangered Languages
c/o Nicholas Ostler, Batheaston Villa, 172 Bailbrook Lane, Bath BA1 7AA. nostler@chibcha.demon.co.uk
International Clearing House for Endangered Languages (ICHEL)
c/o Kazuto Matsumura, Department of Asian and Pacific Linguistics, Institute of Cross-Cultural Studies, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan kmatsum@tooyoo.L.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Terralingua: Partnerships for Linguistic and Biological Diversity
c/o David Harmon, PO Box 122, Hancock, Michigan 49930-0122, USA
UNESCO (World Languages Report)
c/o Paul Ortega, UNESCO Centre Basque Country, Alameda de Urquijo, 60, ppal.Dcha, E-48011 Bilbao, Pais Vasco (Spain) unescopv@eurosur.org
Univeral Declaration of Linguistic Rights
c/o Follow-up Committee, Rocafort 242 bis, 08029 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain ciemen@troc.es